{"id":105453,"date":"2026-07-20T00:23:59","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T04:23:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/?p=105453"},"modified":"2026-07-20T00:23:59","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T04:23:59","slug":"many-universities-hold-seized-human-remains-what-should-they-do-with-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/?p=105453","title":{"rendered":"Many\u00a0universities hold seized human remains. What should they do with them?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">\u201cShock and awe.\u201d That was Fatimah Jackson\u2019s reaction when police dropped a makeshift bomb onto a residential building in Philadelphia on May 13, 1985. The brick-faced row house was the communal home of MOVE, an organization that advocated for Black liberation, natural\u00a0living\u00a0and animal rights. After a daylong standoff and shootout, during which MOVE members refused to leave the building, the\u00a0city\u2019s\u00a0mayor gave police\u00a0the go-ahead\u00a0to drop an explosive device. In the ensuing inferno, 61 houses burned to the ground\u2009\u2014\u2009and six adults and five children were killed.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3174030\">Biological anthropologist Fatimah Jackson is setting new standards for the ethical use of human remains.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3174030\">Courtesy of Howard Univ.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The consequences of that day are still playing out. In 2021, local journalists reported that the University of Pennsylvania had been keeping human\u00a0remains\u00a0from the bombing\u2009\u2014\u2009tentatively identified as 14-year-old Katricia \u201cTree\u201d Africa and 12-year-old Delisha Africa\u2009\u2014\u2009in a cardboard box on a shelf, without their relatives\u2019 knowledge or consent. The remains, originally entrusted to the school by the Philadelphia Medical Examiner\u2019s Office, had also been used as teaching materials.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Although the remains of Delisha and Tree have since been returned to their families\u2009\u2014\u2009and the school and city apologized\u2009\u2014\u2009the MOVE incident is one example in a long line of researchers keeping human remains without consent, says Jackson, a biological anthropologist who retired in 2024 from Howard University in Washington, D.C. \u201cWe\u2019re the ones who are holding this material,\u201d she says. \u201cThe scientists are the culprits here.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<p>We summarize the week&#8217;s scientific breakthroughs every Thursday.<\/p>\n<p>                        input[type=&#8221;radio&#8221;].svelte-wecxzz{display:none}.payment-option-wrapper.svelte-wecxzz.svelte-wecxzz{display:flex;flex:1 0 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}}.zephr-form-disabled-div{pointer-events:none;opacity:0.8}.zephr-form-relative-container{position:relative}.zephr-form-flex-container{display:flex}.zephr-form-input-inner-button{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);right:5px;padding:10px 5px}.zephr-form-input-inner-text{color:var(&#8211;zephr-color-text-main);font-size:var(&#8211;zf-subtext-fontSize);font-weight:bold;font-family:var(&#8211;zf-root-fontFamily)}<br \/>\n]]&gt;<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>Spurred by the MOVE revelations, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists in 2021 created a task force to craft new guidelines for the ethical study of human\u00a0remains, with Jackson as cochair. It was an intimidatingly large project, she says,\u00a0but\u00a0too important not to take on. \u201cEven after the Civil War, people in Black communities were talking about the grave robbers that would come and steal the bodies, and these bodies would show up in white medical schools,\u201d she says. \u201cWe had a lot of pain, but we didn\u2019t have any solutions for the pain.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Other experts see Jackson as a natural choice for the project. \u201cAcross the course of my own career, I\u2019ve seen major shifts in the ways that we talk about ancestors, the ways that we perceive their treatment, and the necessity for consultation with contemporary descendants or experts,\u201d says Jennifer Raff, an anthropological geneticist at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Jackson, she says, \u201cwas, and remains, one of the most influential voices in this movement.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research over\u00a0remains\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>Anthropologists and anatomists have been studying human remains without consent for centuries. In the 1800s, physician Samuel George Morton infamously collected hundreds of human skulls, launching a new field of science\u2009\u2014\u2009and propping up his views on white superiority in the process. The Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of Natural History alone holds the remains of about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.si.edu\/about\/new-human-remains-task-force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30,700 individuals<\/a>. Many come from paupers\u2019 graves, slave cemeteries, Native American burial\u00a0sites\u00a0or countries formerly under Western colonization, most notably India.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEspecially in the early days of American physical anthropology, there was an expectation that science and scientific research was paramount and took precedence over any other consideration,\u201d Raff says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Those practices started to come under fire in the 1970s. Maria Pearson\u2009\u2014\u2009a member of the Turtle Clan of the Yankton Sioux\u2009\u2014\u2009challenged how research institutions handled Native American remains and demanded that they be returned to their communities. Her work led to the first state law protecting Native burial sites, in Iowa, in 1976\u2009\u2014\u2009and\u00a0ultimately the\u00a0passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 1990.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>NAGPRA led to the repatriation of thousands of Native American remains. But it was not without controversy. After the 8,400-year-old nearly complete skeleton of an individual known as the Ancient One, or Kennewick Man, was discovered on the banks of the Columbia River in 1996, five Columbia Basin tribes requested the remains under the new law; researchers won a lawsuit to study them, instead. Years of legal battles and forensic testing\u00a0ensued. In 2017, the remains were at last returned to the tribes and buried in a hidden location in the Pacific Northwest.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The disposition of other remains, including those of enslaved individuals, has been equally fraught. The country\u2019s oldest\u2009\u2014\u2009and largest\u2009\u2014\u2009cemetery for people of African descent was unearthed in Manhattan during the construction of a government building in 1991. Only after sustained protests did officials decide to preserve the site, eventually creating the African Burial Ground National Monument.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Scientists\u2019 traditional treatment of human remains has been \u201cvery much\u00a0a free-for-all,\u201d Jackson says. But that has started to change. By 2024, at least three major scientific organizations had published guidelines for the care of these remnants: the American Associa\u00adtion for Anatomy, the American Anthropological\u00a0Association\u00a0and the Smithsonian Institution.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3174031\">The 1985 MOVE bombing leveled 61\u202fhomes and killed 11 people, including five children.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3174031\">George Widman\/AP Photo<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Contemporary anthropologists are still wrestling with their forebears\u2019 legacy. \u201cWe have these collections that have been assembled by\u00a0the early\u00a0physical anthropologists,\u201d Raff says. They\u00a0contain\u00a0a mixture of skeletons,\u00a0artifacts\u00a0and DNA. \u201cWe are struggling to figure out what is the\u00a0most ethical\u00a0way to care for them, to study them. In many cases, it\u2019s not to study them. In many cases, it is to return them to contemporary descendants.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">African American anthropology\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>Jackson was born in 1950 and grew up in Denver. Her family had been among the first settlers of nearby Dearfield, an African American homesteading town that was abandoned after the Great Depression. In Denver\u2019s Five Points neighborhood, Jackson lived among African Americans, Mexican Americans and Japanese Americans who had recently returned from World War II internment camps. In her redlined community, \u201ca lot of people were getting the short end of the stick,\u201d Jackson says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In the late 1960s, Jackson enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder\u2009\u2014\u2009and found herself regularly in\u00a0white\u00a0company for the first time. It was an inspiration of\u00a0sorts. \u201cI was interested in biological anthropology because of the differences in morphology I saw in the people around me,\u201d she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>After two years, on the recommendation of a trusted professor, Jackson\u2009transferred to Cornell University to continue her education in anthropology. She studied genetics,\u00a0nutrition\u00a0and parasitology. She also met her future husband, nutrition scientist Robert Jackson. By coincidence, she had first seen his picture in the newspaper in Colorado: He had been one of several African American students who took over Cornell\u2019s Willard Straight Hall in a 1969 protest demanding a Black Studies program.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0pair\u00a0married, and Jackson graduated in 1972. They moved to Tanzania that same year, where Robert did postgraduate fieldwork and Jackson took a three-year leave of absence from her studies. She had the first two of their six children and worked as a teacher to support the family.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Then Jackson\u2019s life changed irrevocably. She contracted malaria in 1974, and the infection was brutal: She temporarily lost her eyesight and could not walk or speak.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Close to death, Jackson made a promise to God that if she lived, she would study malaria. Her prayers were answered, and she recovered. In 1975, she began a Ph.D. at Cornell. But by the time she was ready to go back into the field, Tanzania and Uganda were at war. Reluctant\u00a0to return to what was now a war zone, she moved to Liberia, where she\u00a0wrote\u00a0a dissertation on genetic adaptations to malaria in Liberian mothers and children.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>When she finally returned to the United States in 1980, Jackson noted the racism\u2009\u2014\u2009both overt and subtle\u2009\u2014\u2009that was part of daily life. \u201cPeople would refuse to get on the elevator with us,\u201d she said. And her chosen field of anthropology had often dismissed the experiences of disenfranchised groups. \u201cRace science was still very strong in anthropology at that time,\u201d she says, with many authors still publishing\u00a0pseudoscientific\u00a0studies about racial differences in characteristics such as intelligence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For Jackson, that bias came to a head in the groundbreaking Human Genome Project. The project, which ran from 1990 to 2003, used DNA from 20 people:\u00a0one of\u00a0blended ancestry and\u00a019 of\u00a0primarily European ancestry. Though Jackson supported the project, she also saw it as a continuation of 20th century practices in which African Americans were routinely excluded from research that collected baseline scientific and medical data.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The project\u2019s leaders \u201cwanted to characterize the human genome, but which genome?\u201d Jackson asks. In 1994, she helped organize fellow academics to write a manifesto, in which they called for the project to include more samples from African Americans\u2009\u2014\u2009and more African American researchers.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3174033\">Howard University students examine skeletal remains from the 19th and 20th centuries for signs of cardiovascular diseases.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3174033\">Courtesy of F. Jackson<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>That experience inspired Jackson to develop a more inclusive approach to genomics. In 2009, while at the University of Maryland, College Park, she published a paper on a new technique she\u00a0called ethnogenetic layering, which can identify the patterns of genetic variation within complex populations.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAfrican Americans are an amalgamation of a lot of different African groups, with admixture from certain Native American groups and specific European groups,\u201d Jackson says. Her new method tried to figure out where different genetic variants had come from, how they interacted with environmental and cultural factors, and how they affected disease risk. Instead of treating African Americans as\u00a0a single group, it helped reveal the richness of their genetic diversity, Jackson reported in the\u00a0<em>Annals of Human Biology<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cShe\u2019s made a lot of contributions, I think, in\u00a0general\u00a0to thinking more critically about groups of people in ways that aren\u2019t focused on racial categorization,\u201d says evolutionary biologist Benjamin Auerbach at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">In 2018, Jackson and her team at Howard University published a study detailing how institutionalized racism and enslavement may have affected African Americans\u2019 biology via epigenetics. Previous studies had shown the process\u2009\u2014\u2009in which environmental cues can change gene expression without altering the underlying DNA\u2009\u2014\u2009can be triggered by elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol. That work in the <em>Journal of Clinical Epigenetics<\/em> suggested potential epigenetic shifts in African American populations\u2009\u2014\u2009and proposed that scientists start searching for them. Subsequent studies have found evidence of faster epigenetic aging among African Americans who have repeated exposure to racism.<\/p>\n<p>Then in 2021, the MOVE bombing erupted back into the spotlight.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caring for ancestors\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>The revelation that the MOVE victims\u2019\u00a0remains\u00a0had been kept without their relatives\u2019 consent, stored carelessly in a\u00a0box\u00a0and used as teaching props caused widespread outrage.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The biological anthropologists\u2019 association chose Auerbach to lead its new task force to systematize the ethical management of human\u00a0remains; he\u00a0immediately\u00a0asked Jackson to be his\u00a0cochair. As director of the Cobb Biological Anthropology Laboratory at Howard University, and with her decades of community engagement, Jackson was the ideal partner, Auerbach says. \u201cShe\u2019s really good at thinking about nuance.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Not that it was easy. In the wake of the MOVE revelations\u2009\u2014\u2009and the racial reckoning inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement\u2009\u2014\u2009some researchers publicly advocated for the end of all studies involving human\u00a0remains. Jackson and her colleagues wanted to take a more thoughtful approach. \u201cThe goal was to broaden the discussion and not to trivialize what was done,\u201d Jackson says. Instead, the task force\u00a0sought\u00a0to balance the value of scientific research with respect\u00a0for\u00a0the communities it affected. \u201cThe community has a right to be involved in the research,\u201d she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>First, the task force narrowed the scope of the project to focus on just one group. It chose African Americans, whom Jackson says are overrepresented in legacy human tissue collections. Then, it sought input from people in that community.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSince we didn\u2019t have any money for the task force, I had to use my students,\u201d says Jackson. She taught 52 of them how to run focus groups and ask descendant communities how they wanted their ancestors\u2019 remains\u00a0treated. Over four years, her students spoke to more than 3,000 African Americans from 35 states.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou need to ask me before you work on my grandmother\u2019s bones,\u201d said one respondent, a young man from Orange Mount, Tenn. Another, an older man from Chicago, said: \u201cOnce we give our approval [for the research], that is not the end of it. We need to be kept abreast of everything else.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Auerbach also surveyed anthropologists across the United States to find out what skeletal materials they had\u2009\u2014\u2009and what they hoped to do with them.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The result is a set of recommendations published in the <em>American Journal of Biological Anthropology<\/em> in March. In addition to requiring \u201cexplicit consent\u201d from relevant communities, the guidelines call on institutions to inventory remains in their legacy collections, ascertain the identities of descendant communities and engage those groups in dialogue. Both researchers and community members said they wanted mutual formal partnerships to help them make decisions about ancestral remains.<\/p>\n<p>Raff cautions that the next steps could be tough. Different communities will want different outcomes, she says. And the mistrust born of abuses such as the Tuskegee experiments\u2009\u2014\u2009in which African Americans who had syphilis were not told of their disease status and left untreated\u2009\u2014\u2009echo to this day.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re lucky,\u201d says Raff, \u201cthat we have very thoughtful researchers like Dr. Jackson, who are going out and doing the work of talking to communities and finding out what is it that they think we should be doing.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But the current environment for scientific research in the United States is making that work harder, Jackson says. \u201cThe guidelines were created in a more progressive political situation.\u201d She worries that the Trump administration\u2019s slashing of research funding for social sciences and social justice could hamstring the work of her group and others.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAt least we provided the groundwork,\u201d Jackson says of the project. She hopes others will build on what\u00a0she\u2019s\u00a0done. \u201cYou\u2019re\u00a0starting to hear the\u00a0voice\u00a0of the people.\u00a0It\u2019s\u00a0been a long time coming, but\u00a0it\u2019s\u00a0the change\u00a0we\u2019ve\u00a0been waiting for.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Sponsor Message<\/p>\n<p><!-- Tag ID: sciencenews-org_leaderboard_incontent --><br \/>\n<\/aside>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cShock and awe.\u201d That was Fatimah Jackson\u2019s reaction when police dropped a makeshift bomb onto a residential building in Philadelphia on May 13, 1985. The brick-faced row house was the communal home of MOVE, an organization that advocated for Black liberation, natural\u00a0living\u00a0and animal rights. After a daylong standoff and shootout, during which MOVE members refused [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105453"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=105453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105453\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=105453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=105453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.adviews.info\/news\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=105453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}